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Palm Oil as a Renewable Energy Source: A Study of Indonesia’s Strategy In Overcoming Negative Palm Oil Campaigns
Corresponding Author(s) : Mella Syaftiani
m.syaftiani.psc23@mail.umy.ac.id
Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan : Kajian Ilmu Pemerintahan dan Politik Daerah,
Vol. 10 No. 2 (2025)
Abstract
Palm oil is one of the largest renewable energy sources in Indonesia in terms of export production. Negative campaigns conducted by international organizations and other countries have hampered Indonesia's palm oil exports. This study aims to analyze Indonesia's strategy in overcoming negative campaigns against Indonesian palm oil. This study uses a qualitative approach with secondary data from media related to negative campaigns against Indonesian palm oil. The results show that Indonesia's strategy in overcoming negative campaigns, mainly through the expansion of the Indonesian Sustainable Palm Oil Initiative (ISPO) and the Sustainable Palm Oil Forum, involves international diplomacy and technological innovation in converting palm oil into environmentally friendly renewable energy. The analysis contributes to the conclusion that the government can implement sustainable strategies that constitute diplomatic measures in renewable energy technological innovation. Thus, Indonesia has a great opportunity to support the global energy transition by reducing carbon emissions more effectively.
Keywords
Sustainability
Renewable Energy
Negative Campaign
Palm Oil
Government
Indonesia Cases
Syaftiani, M., Priyo Purnomo, E., Singhapat, S., Redha, M. R. M., & Khirunnisa, T. (2025). Palm Oil as a Renewable Energy Source: A Study of Indonesia’s Strategy In Overcoming Negative Palm Oil Campaigns. Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan : Kajian Ilmu Pemerintahan Dan Politik Daerah, 10(2), 164–182. Retrieved from https://governmentjournal.org/index.php/jip/article/view/598
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References
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Beyer, R. M., Durán, A. P., Rademacher, T. T., Martin, P., Tayleur, C., Brooks, S. E., Coomes, D., Donald, P. F., & Sanderson, F. J. (2020). The environmental impacts of palm oil and its alternatives. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.16.951301
Brad, A., & Hein, J. (2023). Towards transnational agrarian conflicts? Global NGOs, transnational agrobusiness and local struggles for land on Sumatra. New Political Economy, 28(3), 452–467. https://doi.org/10.1080/13563467.2022.2138300
Burrington, J. D. (2024). Renewable Energy Technical Potential Performance for Zero Carbon Emissions. ACS Omega, 9(24), 25841–25858. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.4c00273
Chiriacò, M. V., Galli, N., Santini, M., & Rulli, M. C. (2024). Deforestation and greenhouse gas emissions could arise when replacing palm oil with other vegetable oils. Science of The Total Environment, 914, 169486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169486
Clara et al, B. (2012). Sustainability standards and certification: Towards sustainable palm oil in Indonesia?
Damanhuri, A. (2023). Projecting Potential Impact of European Union Deforestation Regulation on Indonesian Palm Oil Industry. International Journal of Science and Society, 5(5), 748–757. https://doi.org/10.54783/ijsoc.v5i5.942
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Doni, D. D., Junaidi, J., & Danial, D. (2023). ALTERNATIVE STUDY ON PROCESSING OIL PALM EMPTY FRUIT BUNCHES AS SUITABLE FUEL AND COMPLYING WITH STANDARDS FOR POWER PLANTS. Journal of Electrical Engineering, Energy, and Information Technology (J3EIT), 11(3), 170. https://doi.org/10.26418/j3eit.v11i3.69366
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Fajrul Akbar, C., Fadri, A., Yuliaza Syawitri, K., & Kirana Putri, J. (2023). Trade dispute over palm oil involving Indonesia, Malaysia, and the EuropeanUnion. JLAST : Journal of Law and Social Transformation, 1(2). https://doi.org/10.62527/jlast.1.2.19
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Gaveau, D. L. A., Locatelli, B., Salim, M. A., Yaen, H., Pacheco, P., & Sheil, D. (2019). Rise and fall of forest loss and industrial plantations in Borneo (2000–2017). Conservation Letters, 12(3), e12622. https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12622
H., P., M.A., B., & A., D. (2022). Harnessing Political Economy and Global Green Trade to Increase Indonesia’s Palm Oil Sustainability. Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR). https://doi.org/10.17528/cifor/008637
Hajar, R. S., Yun, B.-W., & Hwang, H.-S. (2024). ANALYZING THE IMPACT OF INDONESIAN SUSTAINABLE PALM OIL (ISPO) CERTIFICATION AND THE FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE CRUDE PALM OIL (CPO) EXPORTS VOLUME. International Journal of Social Service and Research, 4(10). https://doi.org/10.46799/ijssr.v4i10.1085
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Harisudin, M., Sutrisno, J., & Irianto, H. (2024). A Structural Equation Modelling Approach in Assessing the Sustainability of Indonesian Smallholder Oil Palm Farming. Journal of Ecohumanism, 3(4), 3368–3379. https://doi.org/10.62754/joe.v3i4.3854
Hinkes, C. (2020). Adding (bio)fuel to the fire: Discourses on palm oil sustainability in the context of European policy development. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 22(8), 7661–7682. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-019-00541-y
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Irawan, I., Purnomo, E. P., Prabawa, W. G., & Hung, C. F. (2024). Renewable Energy Development Through the Utilization of Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) in Indonesia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1404(1), 012002. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1404/1/012002
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Purnomo, E. P., Khairunisa, T., & Hung, C. F. (2024). Renewable Energy and the Future of a Sustainable Economy in Indonesia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1404(1), 012051. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1404/1/012051
Purnomo, E. P., Ramdani, R., Agustiyara, Tomaro, Q. P. V., & Samidjo, G. S. (2019). Land ownership transformation before and after forest fires in Indonesian palm oil plantation arecas. Journal of Land Use Science, 14(1), 37–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/1747423X.2019.1614686
Renewable Energy Directive II Impact on Combating Deforestation in Indonesia. (2022). Proceedings of the International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management, 3031–3038. https://doi.org/10.46254/AP03.20220510
Sequiño, A., Avenido, J., & University of San Jose-Recoletos. (2017). The World’s Leader in the Palm Oil Industry: Indonesia. Recoletos Multidisciplinary Research Journal, 3(1), 51–60. https://doi.org/10.32871/rmrj1503.01.04
Suling, C. F., Purnomo, E. P., Hubacek, K., & Anand, P. (2023). The Influence of “Renewable Energy Directive II” Policy for The Sustainability of Palm Oil Industry in Indonesia. Journal of Governance, 8(3). https://doi.org/10.31506/jog.v8i3.19930
Suwarno, W. (2019). The Challenge of Indonesian Diplomacy Against Palm Oil Discrimination. Jurnal Ilmiah Hubungan Internasional, 15(2), 197–212. https://doi.org/10.26593/jihi.v15i2.3416.197-212
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References
Abas, A., Er, A. C., Tambi, N., & Yusoff, N. H. (2022). A systematic review on sustainable agricultural practices among oil palm farmers. Outlook on Agriculture, 51(2), 155–163. https://doi.org/10.1177/00307270211021875
Alamsyah, Z., Mara, A., Rayesa, N. F., Hamid, E., Yanita, M., Fauzia, G., & Napitupulu, D. M. T. (2023). Oil palm contribution to sdgs achievement: A case study in main oil palm producing provinces in Indonesia. E3S Web of Conferences, 373, 04030. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202337304030
Barus, A. B., & Ernah, E. (2024). Peranan Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit Rakyat dalam Mencapai Tujuan Ekonomi Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) di Indonesia. Mimbar Agribisnis : Jurnal Pemikiran Masyarakat Ilmiah Berwawasan Agribisnis, 10(1), 316. https://doi.org/10.25157/ma.v10i1.11720
Beyer, R. M., Durán, A. P., Rademacher, T. T., Martin, P., Tayleur, C., Brooks, S. E., Coomes, D., Donald, P. F., & Sanderson, F. J. (2020). The environmental impacts of palm oil and its alternatives. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.16.951301
Brad, A., & Hein, J. (2023). Towards transnational agrarian conflicts? Global NGOs, transnational agrobusiness and local struggles for land on Sumatra. New Political Economy, 28(3), 452–467. https://doi.org/10.1080/13563467.2022.2138300
Burrington, J. D. (2024). Renewable Energy Technical Potential Performance for Zero Carbon Emissions. ACS Omega, 9(24), 25841–25858. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.4c00273
Chiriacò, M. V., Galli, N., Santini, M., & Rulli, M. C. (2024). Deforestation and greenhouse gas emissions could arise when replacing palm oil with other vegetable oils. Science of The Total Environment, 914, 169486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169486
Clara et al, B. (2012). Sustainability standards and certification: Towards sustainable palm oil in Indonesia?
Damanhuri, A. (2023). Projecting Potential Impact of European Union Deforestation Regulation on Indonesian Palm Oil Industry. International Journal of Science and Society, 5(5), 748–757. https://doi.org/10.54783/ijsoc.v5i5.942
Dauderstädt, M. (2015). Welfare Production and Quality of Life. In W. Glatzer, L. Camfield, V. Møller, & M. Rojas (Eds.), Global Handbook of Quality of Life (pp. 413–431). Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9178-6_17
Dhenada, M. I. M. H., & Huda, M. I. M. (2024). The Sustainability of Palm Oil. Environmental Management and Sustainable Development, 13(1), 79. https://doi.org/10.5296/emsd.v13i1.21757
Doni, D. D., Junaidi, J., & Danial, D. (2023). ALTERNATIVE STUDY ON PROCESSING OIL PALM EMPTY FRUIT BUNCHES AS SUITABLE FUEL AND COMPLYING WITH STANDARDS FOR POWER PLANTS. Journal of Electrical Engineering, Energy, and Information Technology (J3EIT), 11(3), 170. https://doi.org/10.26418/j3eit.v11i3.69366
Erwiningsih, W. (2023). Analyzing Drivers and Mitigation of Deforestation for Oil Palm Expansion in Indonesia, 2000-2020. International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning, 18(11), 3657–3664. https://doi.org/10.18280/ijsdp.181132
Evalia, N. A., Teapon, R. R. H., Purba, K. F., Rumkel, N., & Hayati, P. K. D. (2024). The Synergy between SDGs and Indonesian Sustainable Palm Oil in Realising Sustainable Oil Palm Development in South Halmahera, Indonesia. Environmental Research, Engineering and Management, 80(2), 88–99. https://doi.org/10.5755/j01.erem.80.2.34761
Faculto De Jesus, L. F. (2024). Indonesia’s Current and Future Efforts to Tackle the Issue of Deforestation. Budi Luhur Journal of Strategic & Global Studies, 2(2), 91–106. https://doi.org/10.36080/jsgs.v2i2.39
Fajrul Akbar, C., Fadri, A., Yuliaza Syawitri, K., & Kirana Putri, J. (2023). Trade dispute over palm oil involving Indonesia, Malaysia, and the EuropeanUnion. JLAST : Journal of Law and Social Transformation, 1(2). https://doi.org/10.62527/jlast.1.2.19
Fehmita Mubin, A. K. (2019). Multi Stakeholders Partnership in the Sustainable Indonesian Palm Oil Industry: Study Case Multi Stakeholders Partnership FOKSBI. Journal of Governance, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.31506/jog.v4i2.6333
Gardner, T., & Rylander, Y. (2022, September 15). Indonesia makes progress towards zero palm oil deforestation – but gains in forest protection are fragile. SEI.
Gaveau, D. L. A., Locatelli, B., Salim, M. A., Yaen, H., Pacheco, P., & Sheil, D. (2019). Rise and fall of forest loss and industrial plantations in Borneo (2000–2017). Conservation Letters, 12(3), e12622. https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12622
H., P., M.A., B., & A., D. (2022). Harnessing Political Economy and Global Green Trade to Increase Indonesia’s Palm Oil Sustainability. Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR). https://doi.org/10.17528/cifor/008637
Hajar, R. S., Yun, B.-W., & Hwang, H.-S. (2024). ANALYZING THE IMPACT OF INDONESIAN SUSTAINABLE PALM OIL (ISPO) CERTIFICATION AND THE FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE CRUDE PALM OIL (CPO) EXPORTS VOLUME. International Journal of Social Service and Research, 4(10). https://doi.org/10.46799/ijssr.v4i10.1085
Hamid, S. & Paramitaningrum. (2023). Indonesian Economic Diplomacy toward Palm Oil: Indonesia’s Respond to the EU Resolution on Palm Oil and Deforestation of Rainforest (2016/2222(INI)). E3S Web of Conferences, 388, 04006. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202338804006
Harisudin, M., Sutrisno, J., & Irianto, H. (2024). A Structural Equation Modelling Approach in Assessing the Sustainability of Indonesian Smallholder Oil Palm Farming. Journal of Ecohumanism, 3(4), 3368–3379. https://doi.org/10.62754/joe.v3i4.3854
Hinkes, C. (2020). Adding (bio)fuel to the fire: Discourses on palm oil sustainability in the context of European policy development. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 22(8), 7661–7682. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-019-00541-y
Indrawan, N., Thapa, S., Rahman, S. F., Park, J.-H., Park, S.-H., Wijaya, M. E., Gobikrishnan, S., Purwanto, W. W., & Park, D.-H. (2017). Palm biodiesel prospect in the Indonesian power sector. Environmental Technology & Innovation, 7, 110–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2017.01.001
Irawan, I., Purnomo, E. P., Prabawa, W. G., & Hung, C. F. (2024). Renewable Energy Development Through the Utilization of Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) in Indonesia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1404(1), 012002. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1404/1/012002
Jamaluddin, Faisal, Sari, E., & Jumadiah. (2023). The Urgency of Indonesian Sustainable Palm Oil Certification for Oil Palm Plantation Companies in the State’s Economic Growth. Proceedings of Malikussaleh International Conference on Multidisciplinary Studies (MICoMS), 3, 00070. https://doi.org/10.29103/micoms.v3i.238
Jamil, M., & Asrol, M. (2024). Palm Oil Sustainability: Current and Further Potential Research to Adopt Sustainable Development Goals 2030. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1324(1), 012077. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1324/1/012077
Khairina, E., Purnomo, E. P., & Malawnai, A. D. (2020). Sustainable Development Goals: Kebijakan Berwawasan Lingkungan Guna Menjaga Ketahanan Lingkungan Di Kabupaten Bantul Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Jurnal Ketahanan Nasional, 26(2), 155. https://doi.org/10.22146/jkn.52969
Kheong, Y. F., Sundram, K., & Basiron, Y. (2010). Mitigating climate change through oil palm cultivation. International Journal of Global Warming, 2(2), 118. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJGW.2010.033717
Kurniawati, A. S., Pratiwi, A. I., Ariyani, N. R., Septiani, M., & Sasongko, N. A. (2022). Utilization of palm oil based biofuel to support sustainable energy transition in Indonesia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1108(1), 012038. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1108/1/012038
Limaho, H., Pramono, R., & Christiawan, R. (2022). Collaboration between Government and Palm Oil Industry to Achieve Sustainability Development Goals in Indonesia. Mulawarman Law Review, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.30872/mulrev.v7i1.757
Meli Antika, Heryadi, R. D., & Sari, D. S. (2024). WTO DALAM KONTROVERSI PERDAGANGAN: PENINJAUAN KASUS BLACK CAMPAIGN UNI EROPA TERHADAP CPO (CRUDE PALM OIL) INDONESIA. Sriwijaya Journal of International Relations, 4(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.47753/sjir.v3i1.95
Montfaucon, A. F., Lakatos, C., Agnimaruto, B., & Silberring, J. M. (2024). Trading Towards Sustainability: The Role of Trade Policies in Indonesia’s Green Transformation. Washington, DC: World Bank. https://doi.org/10.1596/40925
Pareira, S. (2023). Achieving Indonesian Palm Oil Farm-to-Table Traceability through ISPO-RSPO Harmonization (0 ed.). Center for Indonesian Policy Studies. https://doi.org/10.35497/560227
Pulighe, G. (2023). Navigating the Path to Sustainable Oil Palm Cultivation: Addressing Nexus Challenges and Solutions. Research on World Agricultural Economy, 4(2), 13–17. https://doi.org/10.36956/rwae.v4i2.835
Purnomo, E. P., Khairunisa, T., & Hung, C. F. (2024). Renewable Energy and the Future of a Sustainable Economy in Indonesia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1404(1), 012051. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1404/1/012051
Purnomo, E. P., Ramdani, R., Agustiyara, Tomaro, Q. P. V., & Samidjo, G. S. (2019). Land ownership transformation before and after forest fires in Indonesian palm oil plantation arecas. Journal of Land Use Science, 14(1), 37–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/1747423X.2019.1614686
Renewable Energy Directive II Impact on Combating Deforestation in Indonesia. (2022). Proceedings of the International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management, 3031–3038. https://doi.org/10.46254/AP03.20220510
Sequiño, A., Avenido, J., & University of San Jose-Recoletos. (2017). The World’s Leader in the Palm Oil Industry: Indonesia. Recoletos Multidisciplinary Research Journal, 3(1), 51–60. https://doi.org/10.32871/rmrj1503.01.04
Suling, C. F., Purnomo, E. P., Hubacek, K., & Anand, P. (2023). The Influence of “Renewable Energy Directive II” Policy for The Sustainability of Palm Oil Industry in Indonesia. Journal of Governance, 8(3). https://doi.org/10.31506/jog.v8i3.19930
Suwarno, W. (2019). The Challenge of Indonesian Diplomacy Against Palm Oil Discrimination. Jurnal Ilmiah Hubungan Internasional, 15(2), 197–212. https://doi.org/10.26593/jihi.v15i2.3416.197-212
T A, J. (2019). LEARNING TO LOVE THE WORLD’S MOST HATED CROP –Review Articles. Journal of Oil Palm Research. https://doi.org/10.21894/jopr.2019.0046
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